Discussion Board 487
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"Teaching without Learning is just Talking." (Angelo and Cross, 1993)
This is an open Discussion Board for our ECE 487 Cardiovascular Engineering class. We can use this discussion board to discuss our technical problems, doubts, queries, projects, senior design projects issues (somehow related to this class or beneficial to the class), and Internship/Co-op information.
You are encouraged to answer the already answered question, if in case you have a better one. In fact, multiple answers are always good (if not confusing).
This discussion Board can also be used for knowledge sharing on Cardiovascular or Biomedical engineering.
ECE 487 Discussion Board
FDA's truth FDA can be a subtle monopoly. Researchers please beware!
Put Questions, Doubts, Curiosity, and Queries
Technical Questions
1. Hi Guys, I am building a medical catheter to remove the blood clots from the stroke patients for my Senior Design project (Group SD0727: Venturix Thrombectomy Catheter). I am facing a mechanical issue in my project as to determine the minimum power required to vaporize 1 mL of water every second. Any help provided will be useful and appreciated. Thanks in advance.
Theoretical Doubts
1. Why the solubility of CO2 is more than O2 in blood plasma? I mean co2 is twice more soluble in blood than o2, in my understanding it should be either equal or vice-versa. (Source: E book chp 2, pg-1)
2. The total area (in terms of volume capacity and surface) of capillaries is maximum in human circulatory system. Is the same area is covered by the venules too?
Curiosity and Queries
1. Does anyone has an idea on how the circulatory system is different in females as they have umbilical cord too in their system. How does that system works if the women is not pregnant and why does the baby returns back the de-oxygenated blood to the mother through Umbilical arteries and not veins? (Unanswered so far!! -Be the first one to answer this Q!!)
2. How come the Veins cover 64% of total blood distribution in human body? Isn't it true that the human body has 50% - 50% oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood? And if that is not the case, do you know WHY?
Answers and Helps
Technical Issues
1. (By Salil) Virtually solved. If you encounter similar problems, please see home page for senior design project SD0727 (Venturix Thrombectomy Catheter). Also discuss with the SD0727 group.
Theoretical (/Doubts)
1. Co2 is 20 times more soluble than O2 in blood. Carbon dioxide is essential for internal respiration in a human body. Internal respiration is a process, by which oxygen is transported to body tissues and carbon dioxide is carried away from them. Carbon dioxide is a guardian of the pH of the blood, which is essential for survival. The buffer system in which carbon dioxide plays an important role is called the carbonate buffer. It is made up of bicarbonate ions and dissolved carbon dioxide, with carbonic acid. The carbonic acid can neutralize hydroxide ions, which would increase the pH of the blood when added. The bicarbonate ion can neutralize hydrogen ions, which would cause a decrease in the pH of the blood when added. Both increasing and decreasing pH is life threatening. (lenntech.com)
Three Forms of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood: 1. physically dissolved CO2 (10%) 2. arbamino compounds (22%) 3. bicarbonate ion formation (68%).
- presence of O2 decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2. (more information: link) So the C02 should be more soluble and hence the body behaves similarly.
2. NO the venules are not much in total surface area as the capillaries have. Here I explain you how and why? First - A venule is a small blood vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins. Second, Blood moves: Heart->artery->arteriole->capillary->venule->vein->heart. Third, The smallest blood vessels are capillaries. Systemic arterioles turn into capillaries. The blood from arterioles goes into the capillaries. There oxygen and nutrients go out of the blood into the tissue around the capillaries. The blood also picks up carbon dioxide and waste from the tissue. The network of capillaries that brings blood to an area is called a capillary bed.
On the other end of the capillary, it turns into a venule. Venules are the smallest veins. Veins take blood back to the heart. As veins go back to the heart, they get bigger. The image below will make everything understandable in just one look.
(Capillaries and capillary bed go between arterioles and venules.)
(Source: capillaries on wikipedia)
Curiosity and Queries
1.
2. Already discussed in class. A brief answer will be posted soon!
Knowledge/ Info Sharing
Course sharing: Course on Cell Culture "Animal Cell Tissue Culture Techniques" - Biotech (MICR 445) - 2 Credit course and only practicals
PHRM 125: Medical Terminology for Health Professionals -1 credit course and only BB assignments
Little bit on Heart Transplant:
Heart Transplants: Statistics (It involves removing a diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy human heart.)
Heart Transplant Patient Survival Statistics
Heart Transplant Mayo Clinic
General Knowledge in Cardiovascular (Wikipedia)
Circadian rhythm A circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings EBOOK EKG chapter]
Vascular resistance Vascular resistance is a term used to define the resistance to flow that must be overcome to push blood through the circulatory system
Central venous pressure Central venous pressure (CVP) describes the pressure of blood in the thoracic vena cava, near the right atrium of the heart
Wiggers diagram A Wiggers diagram is a standard diagram used in cardiac physiology
Treatment of Raynaud's Phenomeon with Thermal Biofeedback
EKG
APPLYING FRACTAL THEORY TO CARDIO DATA
- Fractal
- Evidence for deterministic Chaos in Heart Rythms
- Low-dimensional Chaotic Behaviour in Heart Rate Variability
- Cahotic behavior of blood pressure and heart rate in the conscious dog
- SISTEMA DE ANALISIS NO LINEAL DE LA VARIABILIDAD DE LA FRECUENCIA CARDIACA (in spanish)
- Correlation dimension and Arrythmias
- Dimensional Analysis of HRV in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients
- Arterial pressure with non-linear methods
- Detection of the Cardiac Function by Fractal Dimension Analysis / Chaos Attractors of Ventricular Elastance to Evaluate Cardiac Performance [1]
- Analysis of cardiac health using fractal dimension and wavelet transformation [2]
- Fractal analysis and recurrence quantification analysis of heart rate and pulse transit time for diagnosing chronic fatigue syndrome [3]
- Fractal Analysis software: Benoit Version 1.3 analyzer
Primarily on Heart, Artificial Heart, and Heart related Issues
- Engineering Blood Vessels That Could Be Used In Human Body [4] MIT scientists have found a way to induce cells to form parallel tube-like structures that could one day serve as tiny engineered blood vessels.
- Heart breakthrough hailed A group of scientists gathered around a laboratory dish in which they'd grown a living, beating heart.
- Universite de Montreal Researchers Simulate World's Largest Heart Model Using SGI Technology n the quest to discover how the mechanisms of disease work, researchers at the Universite de Montreal (UdM) have run the largest mathematical simulation of a heart ever assembled -- a 2 billion element model -- on a high-performance computing system from SGI . The new UdM model is up to 1,000 times more detailed than previous models, enabling new scientific discoveries that would never be possible via observation alone.
Artificial Heart
One Seven chambered heart and two bodies
ARTIFICIAL HEART INVENTOR MAY HAVE ARTIFICIAL BODY, TOO
Medicare Coverage for Artificial Hearts Manufactured by Abiomed, SynCardia
Heart Failure and World Business (Source: Reportlinker.com)
Devices in Demand:
1. A Complete Artificial Heart
2. Pacemakers
- This device transmits an electrical voltage to the biological pacemaker cells of the heart. In a healthy human, these pacemaker cells generate their own action potential, an electrical waveform of about 100 millivolts. This may not sound like much energy until we remember that this electrical potential is sustained across an insulating membrane only five nanometers thick. That is 5 billionths of a meter. So the energy of an action potential is almost 20,000,000 volts per meter. Compare this to the 12,000 volts per meter at a standard wall plug. Healthy pacemaker cells spark the electrical wave that drives heart muscle contraction. When these cells malfunction, an artificial pacemaker may be implanted to take over. Waves of electrical voltage generated at the metal lead of the artificial device cross over to living tissue and initiate normal muscle contraction. (source: [5])
3. Left Ventricular Assistance Devices (LVADs)
4. Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillators (ICDs)
Artificial Hearts: The revenue breakdowns the following world markets:
1. US (No. 1)
2. Europe (UK)
3. Japan
A list of Key companies:
Abbott Laboratories
Abiomed, Inc.
Ambu, USA
Aortech International, plc
Arrow International
Atrium Medical Corporation
ATS Medical, Inc.
Bacchus Vascular, Inc.
Berlin Heart AG
Biophan Technologies, Inc.
Biosensors International
Biotronik, Inc.
CardiacAssist, Inc.
Cardiac Science Corporation
Cardiogenesis Corporation
Cordis Corporation/Biologics Delivery Systems
CoreValve, Inc.
CryoCath Technologies, Inc.
Cryocor, Inc.
Datascope
Defibtech, LLC
Deltex Medical
Heartlab
Impulse Dynamics USA, Inc.
MedicalCV, Inc.
Orqis Medical Corporation
Sorin SpA
Stereotaxis, Inc.
Teleflex Medical
Terumo Heart, Inc.
Thoratec Corporation
Ventracor, Inc.
Links to your home page
Biomedical Engineering Talk Page
Discuss Anything
- Who is interested in skiing? Can someone tell me where to go skiing (learn) free of cost?
